In his speech marking the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on July 1, 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed the need to “practice the people-centered development philosophy and develop the whole-process people’s democracy “. It is obvious that General Secretary Xi Jinping’s July 1 speech regards the development of “the whole-process people’s democracy ” as an important task in building socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics at present and for the coming future. According to the political proposition of “institutionalizing democracy and legalizing democracy” put forward at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, the report to the Sixteenth National Congress of the CPC pointed out: “To develop socialist democracy, the most fundamental thing is to organically integrate adherence to the leadership of the Party, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law.” Therefore, in the process of “developing the whole-process people’s democracy”, the primary task is to promote the “whole-process people’s democracy” orderly on the track of the rule of law. This paper holds that in order to implement the “whole-process people’s democracy” from policy requirements to specific legal system design and then put into practice, it is necessary to construct the legal relationship theory related to the “whole-process people’s democracy” scientifically from the academic point of view.
The idea of “the whole-process people’s democracy” originated from the political idea of “the whole-process democracy”. The concept of “the whole-process democracy” was first put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping on November 2, 2019, when he inspected the community governance and services in Gubei Civic Center, Hongqiao Street, Changning District, Shanghai. This bottom community is one of grassroots legislative liaison points established by the Legal Work Commission under the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress .The main policy requirement is to advocate the implementation of democratic requirements in different links of community-level governance, to put the people at the center, and to ensure the democratic rights of the people as masters of the country by increasing citizen participation in community-level governance. Held on October 13, 14, 2021, the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses, General Secretary Xi Jinping, for the first time, in the important remarks, comprehensively and systematically expounded the value connotation of “the whole-process people’s democracy” concerning system requirements and concrete measures, he said: “The whole-process people’s democracy not only have a complete procedure in China, and has full participation in practice. The whole-process people’s democracy in China has realized the unity of process democracy and results-based democracy, procedural democracy and substantive democracy, direct democracy, and indirect democracy, and people’s democracy and the will of the state. It is a full-chain, all-dimensional, all-encompassing democracy, and it’s the most extensive, authentic, and effective socialist democracy. We will continue to push forward the whole-process people’s democracy construction, and respect the people as masters of the country which can be reflected in governing policy measures by the Party, in every aspect work at every level by the Party and state organs, in particular, realistically manifested in the work to achieve people’s yearning for a better life.”
General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discussion on the whole-process democracy and the development of the whole-process people’s democracy is a major innovation in socialist democratic political theory and has important theoretical value and practical significance. Starting from the logical constituent theory of legal relations, this paper will make a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the logical characteristics of legal relations bearing the value of the whole-process people’s democracy, so as to deeply understand the main characteristics, theoretical value, system representation and practical significance of the whole-process people’s democracy from the perspective of democratic institutionalization and legalization. It provides a unique academic thinking path for correctly understanding the relationship between the whole-process people’s democracy and the rule of law, scientifically constructing the whole-process people’s democracy theory, and perfecting the system of the people’s congress.
First, the Governance Characteristics of Democratic Mechanism
There is no doubt that democracy is a governance concept, and a relatively stable democratic governance mechanism is formed based on this concept in practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping also pointed out clearly at the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses that “Democracy is the common value of all mankind”. “Democracy is not for decoration, but for solving the problems that people need to solve.” “The whole-process people’s democracy” from the etymology analysis of its semantics, the central word ultimately falls on “democracy”, “the whole-process” and “people” are used to describe the characteristics of democracy.
1. People’s Democracy Is An Inevitable Outcome of the Historical Development of the Subject of Democratic Governance
The word democracy comes from the ancient Greek word “Demokratia”. The word “Demokratia” is composed of two parts: Demos and Kratos. Demos is equivalent to the English word “citizen”, meaning “region” and “citizen”, and Kratos is equivalent to the English word “power”, meaning “power” and “force”. Therefore, the original meaning of “Demokratia” in Ancient Greece refers to “rule of the majority” or “rule of the people” , which is a governance mode formed in Athens, the ancient Greek city-state. The democratic problem to be solved is how to effectively play a role in forming public will. The subjects of “democratic” governance that existed in Athens, the ancient Greek city-state, were only specific people in the crowd, that is, all citizens of Athens city-state, while non-citizens, slaves and women could not be the subjects of “democratic” governance. The limitation of the main body participating in democratic governance restrained the development of the main body of democratic governance and inevitably determined the limitation of democracy as a governance mode to play its own function. Nevertheless, Athens, the great city that we can encounter and appreciate as soon as we leave the venue today, is still recognized as the cradle and homeland of modern democratic values.
The extension of the main body of the “democratic” governance mechanism from the specific group to the non-specific group originated from the natural law thought during the period of the bourgeois revolution. Rousseau and other bourgeois enlightenment thinkers, starting from opposing the rationality of feudal class privileges, put forward the theory of “people’s sovereignty” in the secular social sense by using the hypothesis of natural law, and extended the “democratic” subject to the “people” for the first time. The French Declaration of Human Rights in 1789 even extended the subject of human rights to “l’homme” in the general sense with the characteristics of natural persons. The full name of the French Declaration of Human Rights (La Declaration des Droits de l ‘Homme et du Citoyen de 1789) demonstrates the universality and legitimacy of people in the theory of popular sovereignty by expanding the scope of human rights subjects. In 1787, the preamble of the first written constitution of the United States also emphasized the declaration of “We the People”. It can be said that the word “the people” in the preamble of the United States Constitution truly has the connotation of the people in the sense of modern democratic governance.
It is the Declaration on the Rights of the Exploited Working People drafted by Lenin in 1918 and became the first socialist constitutional document that gave a relatively clear group definition of the connotation of “people” in people’s democracy in political theory. The declaration for the first time combined the basic value characteristics of “people” and “labor”, started from denying the legitimacy of private ownership, and established the legitimacy of the Soviet regime based on workers, peasants, and other working masses as a broad social group. As early as the new-democratic revolution, the Communist Party of China adhered to the principle of “people’s democracy” and clearly defined the scope of the “people” in “people’s democracy”. In the early days of the founding of New China, the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference stipulated “the rights of the people”. Article 1 of the 1954 Constitution stipulates, “The People’s Republic of China is a people’s democratic state led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.” The Constitution of 1975 and 1978 defined the nature of China’s state system as “the dictatorship of the proletariat”, and in the current Constitution of 1982 expressed as “the people’s democratic dictatorship of the country”. Whether it is a “people’s democracy”, or “the dictatorship of the proletariat country”, the description of the main characteristics of socialist democracy has never been out of the body of the “people” feature .
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the “people” have become important participants, implementers and promoters of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. The “people” have gradually entered the “center” of the country’s political life. The Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee clearly stipulates that a basic principle of comprehensively advancing the rule of law is to uphold the principal position of the people. The decision calls for ensuring that the people, under the leadership of the Party and in accordance with the law, manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and in various forms. On November 16, 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed at the CPC Central Working Conference on Advancing the Rule of Law that the people-centered rule of law is the most important part of the eleven principles we must adhere to in advancing the rule of law at present and for the coming future. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the people are the broadest and most profound foundation for comprehensively governing the rule of law, and we must serve and rely on them. We will ensure that the interests of the people, their aspirations, their rights and interests, and their well-being are reflected in all areas of our comprehensive law-based governance. The fundamental purpose of advancing law-based governance is to protect the people’s rights and interests in accordance with the law. In General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech on July 1, 2021, the subject value of “people” was fully expounded. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the country is the people and the people is the country . The CPC has its roots, blood, and strength in the people. The Communist Party of China has always represented the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. It shares weal and woe with them and is closely bound to each other in life and death. It has no special interests of its own, and never represents the interests of any interest group, powerful group, or privileged class. At the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses, Xi Jinping also stressed that “whether a country is democratic or not should be judged by its people, not by the fingers and toes of a few outside people.” As can be seen from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s above important remarks, “the people”, as an important subject of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, are important participants, implementers and promoters of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. As the subject of people’s democracy, socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics is different from any other form of democracy.
2.”The Whole-Process Democracy” Reflects the Value of the Democratic Concept in Governance
“The whole-process people’s democracy” is to express the democratic value characteristics of “democracy”, especially “people’s democracy”. The “whole-process” here is the “logical premise” and “institutional condition” that limit the scope of “people’s democracy” to play its democratic function. “The whole process” is a kind of universal logical judgment, and the description of the existing form and functional characteristics of “people’s democracy” is the state of “the whole process”. The “whole process” here includes all human activities in a specific space in a specific period, which is characterized by “limit” thinking in the epistemological sense. At the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses, General Secretary Xi Jinping used three “wholes” to illustrate the value requirements of the “whole process” in the “whole- process people’s democracy”, namely, “democracy with full chain, all-dimensional and full encompassing”. The “whole process” can be simply classified into the “whole chain” characteristics of the initial stage, intermediate process and endpoint in terms of time characteristics. From the perspective of spatial characteristics, “the whole process” can be classified from different angles based on the characteristics of “all-round and full encompassing”. The formation, determination and implementation of public will can be regarded as a spatial domain of the whole process, and the definition, protection and realization of public interests can also be regarded as a logical domain of the whole process. We can also describe the morphological characteristics of the whole process at a more microscopic level. For example, from the process of legalization of public will and interests, we can set the whole process as legislation, law enforcement, judicial and legal supervision. Logically, the “whole process” is an internal logical expression of a time axis, a “historical process” of the emergence, existence and development of things. The spatial-temporal characteristics of the whole process and the whole domain are different.
Because some areas of national life and social life are not suitable to adopt democratic governance, therefore, in the state governance and social governance, “overall” function of democracy should be set up in a limit range, that is, gives play to the “maximum” and “minimum” role of social governance. The “minimum value” of democratic value means that the governance rules of “majority rule” can be applied in the micro fields of national life and social life. For example, in a social relationship involving at least three subjects, a 2:1 decision-making mechanism can be adopted based on the common will of the subjects. In terms of mathematical logic, the “minimum value” of democratic value function reflects “the differential of democracy”. The “maximum value” of democratic value function is the maximum utilization of democracy as a means of governance in national governance and social governance, including the application in the field of the maximum range of values and the “beginning and end” on the axis of time existence in the applicable governance field. From the perspective of national governance and social governance mechanism, there exists a mathematical and logical relationship of “democratic integral”, that is to say, every field and process that can be “democratized” should be organically integrated to bring the maximum governance of democracy into play. It can be seen that democratic value, as a concept of state governance and social governance, has practical problems of maximization of value marginal benefit and optimization system design of democratic governance function. As a kind of management idea, democratic values cannot be separated from the specific social relations and national governance and actual institutional environment and conditions for the existence of social governance and the social function to play the role of “universality”, democratic governance has democratic values of scientific problems and cost-effective value choice problem, based on limiting democratic values in the system of a relatively reasonable interval, only in this way can democracy give full play to its governance advantages. At the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed, “There are many ways to realize democracy, and it is impossible to achieve democracy uniformly. It is undemocratic to use a single yardstick to measure the colorful political systems of the world and look at the colorful political civilizations of mankind with monotonous eyes.” So, from a logical point of view, “process” as the characteristics of the expression of people’s democracy is more appropriate. The whole area is biased, not all areas of the country life and social life are suitable for using with “majority rule” as the connotation of democratic governance.
Second, Analysis of Logical Characteristics of Legal Relations Formed by Democratic Governance Mechanism
From the perspective of semantics, the central word of “the whole- process people’s democracy” lies in “democracy” and “people’s democracy”. As a time axis describing the existence or behavior characteristics of things, the “whole process” shows the time sequence characteristics of “full chain, all-directional and full encompassing”. In the process of expressing the characteristics of “people’s democracy”, its basic mathematical logic feature is that in all fields of national life and social life suitable for people’s democracy to play its governance function, the democratic value must be reflected in the “whole-process” of each governance field from beginning to end, instead of just playing a role in a certain period. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech at the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses gave a very precise description of the requirements of the “whole-process” system of people’s democracy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “Whether a country is democratic or not depends on whether the people are the masters of the country. It depends on whether the people have the right to vote and, more importantly, whether they have the right to participate widely. It depends on what promises are made during the election process, but more importantly, on how many of these promises are fulfilled after the election. It depends on what kind of political procedures and rules are stipulated by systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are really implemented. It depends on whether the rules and procedures for exercising power are democratic, and more importantly, whether power is truly supervised and restricted by the people.”
1. The “Minimum Value” of Democracy Playing Its Governance Function
From the logical characteristics of social relations, as long as there are two subjects, there is “publicity”. From a logical point of view, there is no governance mode of “majority rule” in the social relations formed by the two subjects, but only in the “interactive” will and “negotiation” behavior mode between subjects. Of course, in an unequal subject relationship, one party controls the other party by various means or entices the other party to conduct “interaction” between the two parties, which will also form a social relationship involving only two subjects. However, in the social relations of equal subjects, the “interactive desire” and “consultation” of equal subjects are the logical premise for the two parties to make joint decisions in social relations. In a social relationship involving three subjects, if all three parties are willing to communicate and interact, a 2:1 majority decision-making mechanism may appear based on consensus. In this logical relationship, the ratio of 2:1 is the minimum value of “majority rule”, which has its own logical premise, that is, the equality of the three parties and the “consensus” based on effective interaction. Without “negotiation”, there would be no existence of a 2: 1 majority decision mechanism, so, from the logical relations, three parties cannot leave the premise of democratic values to play a role of governance “consultation”.
In four parties to participate in social relations, the function and the formation of the democratic system and the tripartite main body form of the condition of social relations is essentially the same, but the only difference is, under the trilateral relations, only 2:1 such a case of “majority” decision-making mechanism, and in all directions, it may appear 2:1, 3:1 and 2-2. 2:1 and 3:1 clearly belong to the “majority” decision-making mechanism, but 2:2 challenges the “majority rule”. That is to say, even if the public decision-making mechanism is formed according to the requirements of democratic values, there may logically exist 2:2 in the case of the participation of four subjects, in the failure of the majority decision-making mechanism. In this case, public decision-making needs to be supplemented and improved by rules other than the democratic mechanism.
2. “Maximum Value” for Democracy to Play Governance Functions
The concept of democracy as “rule of the majority” is the basis of the legitimacy of modern public decision-making. Since the democratic value is based on the modern rule of law spirit that everyone is equal, there is a logical requirement to establish the legitimacy of public decision-making mechanism according to the number of social community population in the public decision-making behavior involving the public interests of all people. From the existence of the role of democratic mechanisms in the least three-party social relations, as to direct democracy, referendums, these issues closely related to democracy all imply the “maximum value” problem of democracy exerting governance function.
The core of democratic values is the pursuit of the maximization of the numerical value of the “majority”. From the perspective of the subject nature of participation in public decision making, if it is based on a natural person, there exists the “integral value” problem of “majority” in the number of individual members participating in public decision-making, which occupies the maximum value in the total population. For example, in a community with a total population of 200,000, the maximum number of members who can participate in community public decision-making or the formation of the public will should be 200,000. In theory, every member has an equal relationship, but in the actual process of making public decisions, only a certain number of members in the total population of 200,000 have the complete behavioral capacity to participate in public decisions. In traditional legal theory, the concept of the population with voting rights is adopted, that is to say, the total population is not equal to the effective number of participants in forming the democratic governance mechanism. According to the behavioral capacity of participants, a certain number of members in the total population can be excluded from participating in public decision-making. Therefore, in mathematical relations, the numerical problem is how to find the participants who account for the maximum number of the total population in public decision-making appears. Here, the definition of effective participants in democratic governance fully conforms to the requirements of the “limit” value calculation method, that is, to obtain the maximum number of participants that can participate in the public decision-making of the social community through the “democratic integral”. At the same time, in the case of obtaining the maximum value of effective participants, there is a problem of maximizing the number of effective participants in specific public decision-making affairs. Under the traditional election and voting system, the validity of election and voting behavior usually sets the proportion of the total number of people who have the right to vote and participate in specific elections and voting activities. Usually, election and voting behavior cannot be legally effective if it does not reach 50% of the participation rate. On the premise that the number of people participating in elections and voting reaches a quorum, the number of people participating in elections and voting can be based on democratic governance mechanisms to form the will of the majority. General election and voting rules usually support 50% of majority rule, but there is a case where there is a maximum in the mathematical relationship. In a population of 200000 community, for example, if it meets the requirements of election and voting population accounted for 60%, or 120000, and as long as the participation of 50% is effective in 120000, the result of the 60000 people can gain legitimacy, in the 60000 voters, it usually takes 50% of the vote to establish “majority” status, therefore, a “vote” of 30,000 people can be used to make important public decisions in a community of 200,000 based on democratic governance mechanisms. There is a difference of 70,000 between 30,000 people and 100,000 people, in the majority of the population of 200,000. Therefore, the “majority” advocated by democratic value in theory does not reflect the will of the real majority of the social community, and the democratic fact usually arises that the minority of the total population of the social community controls the public decision-making of the social community based on democratic governance mechanism. Therefore, from the perspective of the legitimacy of public decision-making, there is a “maximum” problem in institutional design regarding the number of members participating in and making public decisions based on the total population of the community.
Third, We Must Further Improve and Perfect All Democratic Systems That Embody the Logical Features of the Whole Process
The idea of “developing people’s democracy throughout the whole process” put forward by General Secretary Xi Jinping in his important speech on July 1 not only enriches and develops the theory of people’s democracy, but also gives a very scientific and vivid description of the value of democracy as an important mode of state and social governance. In a period at present and in the coming future, in practice, to promote “the value of the whole-process people’s democracy”, It should be focused on the implementation of the three “concrete” and “realistic” work in the following aspects:
- The good suggestion for resolving this problem can depend on the “whole-process” of people’s deputies performing their representative obligation until they will have formally been declared to leave their posts in the first plenary session of the new people’s congress.
- To increase citizens’ participation in legislation, a specialized citizen participation mechanism should be established in the legislative demonstration before legislation, the legislative hearing during legislation and the legislative evaluation after legislation. Administrative organs should expand the application area and scope of administrative hearing procedures, establish a regular and institutionalized citizen hearing system for administrative decisions, and fully listen to and absorb the opinions and views of administrative counterparts from all parties on major administrative decisions.
- At present, it is difficult to realize the “full-time” performance of deputies to people’s congresses at all levels on the whole, at least the “full-time” post of the members of the standing organs of people’s congresses at all levels should be established. That is to say, once the members of the standing organs of people’s congresses at all levels are elected, they should stop their previous work in accordance with the law.
- Because all representatives of people’s congresses at all levels should represent people’s interests and willness without any interference of specific groups of interests, all representatives including inside term of office and outside term of office can be mobilized for performing the duties of serving for the people.
- For the sake of guaranteeing legitimacy of performance of representative’s function, all representatives should observe the stipulations in Representative’s Law and cannot exercise public powers but perform deputy’s responsibility.
In short, the “whole-process people’s democracy” must be institutionalized and legalized in order to be specific and detailed. Only by orderly promoting the “whole-process people’s democracy” on the track of rule of law can the values and requirements of people’s democracy truly be penetrated the system of people’s congresses and the practice of socialist democratic politics, and can the democratic rights of the people as masters of the country be effectively guaranteed.
Finally the institutional construction of the “whole-process people’s democracy” is very important for improving the effect and efficiency of people’s democratic practice. At the Central Working Meeting of People’s Congresses, General Secretary Xi Jinping points out the People’s Representative System is the institutional carrier of exercising and developing the “whole-process people’s democracy”. The fact proves the People’s Representative System formally established based on the Constitution of 1954 has leverage the role of representatives and to the highest extent to promote the political status of the people. In his speech at the Congress Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of the National People’s Congress, in September 14,2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping summarizes several advantages of the People’s Representative System. As General Secretary Xi Jinping said, the system of people’s congresses has significant advantages in practicing full process people’s democracy and ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. The system of people’s congresses adheres to the status of the people as the main body, insists that all state power belongs to the people, supports and guarantees the people’s exercise of state power through the people’s congresses. Practice has proved that the people’s congress system is a good system that conforms to China’s national conditions and reality, reflects the nature of a socialist country, and ensures that the people are masters of the country. It is a good system that can effectively rally the strength of all the people to work together to promote Chinese path to modernization. It has strong vitality and significant advantages.
[1] MO Jihong, constitutional professor, director of Law Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, honorary president of International Association of Constitutional Law.
[2] Xi Jinping: “Speech at the Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China” (July 1, 2021), People’s Daily, July 2, 2021, 2nd edition.
[3] “Xi Jinping emphasized in-depth study and implementation of the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee during his inspection in Shanghai to improve the governance capacity and level of a modern socialist metropolis”, People’s Daily, November 4, 2019, 1st edition.
[4] “Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the Central Working Meeting of people’s congresses, emphasizing adherence to improvement of the people’s congress system and continuous development of people’s democracy in the whole process”, “People’s Daily” October 15, 2021, 1st edition.
[5] The word “democracy” means “the ruler of the people” in ancient Chinese. For example, “Zuo Zhuan. Thirty-one Years of Xianggong”: “Zhao Meng is about to die, and his words are stolen, not like democracy.” During the Meiji Restoration in Japan, when introducing the ancient Greek “demokratia”, the Chinese character “Minzhu” was endowed with “democracy”, “rule by the majority”, “rule by the people”, etc. After Liang Qichao and others introduced the meaning of “democracy” in Japanese to China, the concept of “democracy” in modern semantics was gradually formed. See Lin Wei: “Discrimination and Unblocking in Historical Evolution—Translation of the Concept of “Democracy”, “Chinese Translation”, No. 5, 2020.
[6] See also 【America】Bruce Ackerman: “Our People: Laying the Foundation”, translated by Wang Qinghua, China University of Political Science and Law Press, February 2013.
[7] “Declaration on the Rights of the Exploited Working People” stipulates: to declare Russia a Soviet republic of representatives of workers, soldiers and peasants; to abolish private ownership of land in order to realize the socialization of land, and declare all land to be the property of the whole people.
[8] According to Article 7 of the “Common Program”, those who do not belong to the “people” should refer to “the Kuomintang counter-revolutionary war criminals who colluded with imperialism, betrayed the motherland, and opposed the people’s democratic cause and other indomitable counter-revolutionary leaders.” . “Ordinary reactionaries, feudal landlords, bureaucratic capitalists”, these people have no “political rights”, but “give a way out of life and force them to transform themselves in labor and become new people”. This means that the above-mentioned persons have not been deprived of other “rights” except that they do not enjoy the political rights that they can enjoy as a member of the “people” in accordance with the “Common Program”. . The 1954 Constitution, the 1975 Constitution, the 1978 Constitution and the 1982 Constitution all adopted the concept of “citizen” to define “fundamental rights”, so the scope of the concept of “people” is broader in the four constitutions, but it is different from that of the four constitutions. “Citizen” is slightly different.
[9] Xi Jinping: “Speech at the Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China” (July 1, 2021), People’s Daily, July 2, 2021, 2nd edition.
[10] “Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the work conference of the Central People’s Congress, emphasizing adherence to and improvement of the people’s congress system and continuous development of people’s democracy in the whole process”, “People’s Daily” October 15, 2021, 1st edition.
[11] “Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the work conference of the Central People’s Congress, emphasizing adherence to and improvement of the people’s congress system and continuous development of people’s democracy in the whole process”, “People’s Daily” October 15, 2021, 1st edition.
[12] “Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the work conference of the Central People’s Congress, emphasizing adherence to and improvement of the people’s congress system and continuous development of people’s democracy in the whole process”, “People’s Daily” October 15, 2021, 1st edition.
[13] “Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the work conference of the Central People’s Congress, emphasizing adherence to and improvement of the people’s congress system and continuous development of people’s democracy in the whole process”, “People’s Daily” October 15, 2021, 1st edition.
[14] Zhang Xuan: “Investigation and Analysis of the Low Election Rate of Canadian Young People”, Journal of Jiangsu Radio and Television University, No. 2, 2009.
